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Adjectives - agreement

1 Definitions

Adjectives are words that give information about a noun . Most often adjectives give descriptive information about a noun (as in The book is red), and these are called qualificative adjectives.

Agreement is a grammatical way of showing that a particular word or phrase relates to another e.g. by means of a word ending.

2 Agreements

2.1 General

In French adjectives must agree with the noun(s) they refer to. If a noun is feminine , then all adjectives referring to it must also be feminine. Generally adjectives take an -e in the feminine:

un acteur connu

a well-known actor

une actrice connue

a well-known actress

If a noun is plural , then all adjectives referring to it must also be plural. Generally adjectives take an -s in the plural:

un acteur connu

a well-known actor

des acteurs connus

well-known actors

If a noun is both feminine and plural , then all adjectives referring to it must also be feminine and plural. Generally adjectives will take -es:

une actrice connue

a well-known actress

des actrices connues

well-known actresses

2.2 No change

Adjectives which already end with an -e or -s remain unchanged:

un homme maigre

a thin man

une femme maigre

a thin woman

un plafond bas

a low ceiling

des plafonds bas

low ceilings

2.3 Irregular forms

Many adjectives have irregular feminine and plural forms:

Table 31.2.3a: Irregular adjectives (1)
ending masc sing masc pl fem sing fem pl  
-al national nationaux nationale nationales
-c public publics publique publiques
-el réel réels réelle réelles
-en moyen moyens moyenne moyennes
-er léger légers légère légères
-eux sérieux sérieux sérieuse sérieuses
-f vif vifs vive vives

However, some adjectives do not follow any of these patterns:

Table 31.2.3b: Wholly irregular adjectival forms
masculine feminine / plural 
un sujet banal des propos banals
a banal subject banal remarks
un cheval blanc la Maison Blanche
a white horse the White House
un séjour bref une apparition brève
a short stay a brief appearance
un esprit créateur une personne créatrice
a creative mind a creative person
un échec complet une collection complète
a complete failure a complete collection
un tissu doux la peau douce
a soft material soft skin
un tapis épais une couche épaisse
a thick rug a thick layer
un faux numéro une fausse alerte
a wrong number a false alarm
un poème favori une histoire favorite
a favourite film a favourite story
un portrait flatteur une photographie flatteuse
a flattering portrait a flattering photograph
un chien fou un histoire folle
a mad dog a crazy stor
de l’air frais de l’eau fraîche
fresh air fresh water
un soldat grec une salade grecque
a Greek soldier a Greek salad
un long film une longue lettre
a long film a long letter
le secteur naval des chantiers navals
the shipbuilding sector shipyards
le salaire net une perte nette
net salary net loss
des cheveux roux une barbe rousse
red hair a red beard
un vin sec une matière sèche
a dry wine a dry material
un vieux couple une vieille femme
an old couple an old woman

2.4 Special masculine forms

Some adjectives have special masculine forms ending in -l which are used before a vowel or an h treated as a vowel:

un beau paysage  

a pretty landscape

but

un bel oiseau

a pretty bird

un nouveau rapport

a new report

but

un nouvel hôpital

a pretty bird

un vieux professeur

a new report

but

un vieil homme

an old man

2.5 Adjectives not taking an agreement

A very small number of adjectives do not agree in the normal manner. Some, such as chic (stylish), snob (snobbish) and kaki (khaki) do not have a feminine form, and sometimes do not take a plural form:

Elle est très chic / Ils sont très chic(s)

She's very chic / They're very chic

Ma voisine est très snob / Nos voisins sont très snob(s)

My neighbour's very snobbish / Our neighbours are very snobbish

Others, such as the indefinite adjective plusieurs (several) and most nouns used as adjectives of colour take no agreement :

Elle a des cheveux marron

She's got brown hair

Elle porte des chaussures orange

She's wearing orange shoes

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How French Works was written and coded by Chris Dawson.