How French works

The perfect

1 Formation of the perfect

1.1 Avoir v être verbs

The perfect tense is a compound tense, which means that it is made up of more than one verb . With most verbs the perfect tense is formed by using the present tense of avoir as an auxiliary followed by the past participle of the verb in question.

Table 10.1.1a: -er verbs
aimer to like
j’ ai aimé
tu as aimé
il / elle a aimé
nous avons aimé
vous avez aimé
ils / elles ont aimé

Aujourd'hui nous avons visité le musée du Louvre

Today we visited the Louvre museum

Some verbs having the sense of "coming" or "going" generally take être in the perfect.

Table 10.1.1b: -er verbs
venir to come
je suis venu
tu es venu
il / elle est venu(e)
nous sommes venus
vous êtes venus
ils / elles sont venu(e)s

The full list verbs taking être in the perfect is:

Table 10.1.1c: Verbs taking être as an auxiliary
infinitive past participle English
arriver je suis arrivé(e)I arrived
partir je suis parti(e)I left
descendre je suis descendu(e)I went down
monter je suis monté(e)I went up
venir je suis venu(e)I came
aller je suis allé(e)I went
sortir je suis sorti(e)I went out
naître je suis né (e)I was born
mourir je suis mort(e)I died
tomber je suis tombé(e)I fell
rester je suis resté (e)I stayed
entrer je suis entré(e)I went in
passer je suis passé(e)I passed, spent

For example:

Je suis revenu de mes vacances vendredi dernier

[and not *J'ai revenu...]

I got back from my holiday last Friday

In addition, all pronominal verbs take être in the perfect:

Il s'est couché tard hier soir

He went to bed late last night

1.2 Agreement of past participle

Agreement involves adding an ending to a word to indicate a grammatical link with another word. The endings are:

Table 10.1.2a: Word endings for participle agreements
Masc sing Fem sing Masc pl Fem pl
- -e -s -es

For avoir verbs used in a compound tense such as the perfect there is generally no agreement unless there is a preceding direct object :

Elle a ouvert les rideaux

She opened the curtains

Ils ont dormi tout l'après-midi

They slept the whole afternoon

With être verbs the past participle always agrees with the subject :

Elle est descendue avec une valise pleine d'argent

She went down with a suitcase full of money

Ils sont sortis faire des courses

They went out to do some shopping

1.3 Etre verbs taking avoir

The above être verbs take avoir when they take a direct object . In this case there is no agreement:

Elle a descendu l'escalier avec une valise

[l'escalier = direct object of descendre]

She went down the stairs with a suitcase

Elle a sorti un carnet pour prendre des notes

[un carnet = direct object of sortir]

She got a notebook out to make some notes

1.4 Agreement of pronominal verbs

In the perfect tense of pronominal verbs the past participle will often agree with the reflexive pronoun:

Elle s'est coupée avec le couteau à pain

She cut herself with the bread knife

Ils se sont rencontrés à une soirée

They met at a party

2 Use of the perfect

The perfect tense is used to express an action or state seen as completed. It is used as follows:

2.1 Describing completed actions

When describing completed actions in the past:

Samedi nous sommes allés à la plage avec les enfants

On Saturday we went to the beach with the children

Paul a travaillé à Paris pendant longtemps

Paul worked in Paris for a long time

2.2 Describing sudden new state of affairs

When describing something new that suddenly happens:

Soudain il a su qu'elle l'avait trompé

Suddenly he knew that she had deceived him

Au bout de quelque temps il a vu que...

After a certain time he saw that?

2.3 Describing recently completed action

When describing something that has recently been completed:

Il a fini ses études

He has finished his studies

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How French Works was written and coded by Chris Dawson.