How French works

Past participles

1 Definition and formation

1.1 Definition

The past participle is the form of a verb used to make a range of past tenses and the passive :

J'ai beaucoup aimé son dernier film

I really liked his / her last film

Elle a fini ses devoirs

She's finished her homework

1.2 Formation

For -er verbs , remove the -er ending from the infinitive and replace with -é:

aimer  →  aimé

For -ir verbs, remove the -ir ending from the infinitive and replace with -i:

finir  →  fini

For many verbs ending -re, remove the -re ending from the infinitive and replace with -u:

rendre  →  rendu

There are a large number of irregular formations of the past participle. Here are some of the most important:

Table 12.1a: Irregular past participles
infinitive past participle 
avoir eu
asseoir assis
battre battu
boire bu
connaître connu
croire cru
devoir (but due, dus)
dire dit
dormir dormi
écrire écrit
être été
faire fait
lire lu
mettre mis
mourir mort
naître
ouvrir ouvert
plaire plu
pouvoir pu
prendre pris
rendre rendu
répondre répondu
savoir su
sortir sorti
suivre suivi
tenir tenu
venir venu
vivre vécu
voir vu
vouloir voulu

2 Use of past participles

Past participles are used in a range of different contexts. The most common are:

2.1 Compound tenses

For example:

  •  The perfect

J'ai beaucoup aimé son dernier film

I really liked his / her latest film

  •  The passive

Je n'ai pas été informé de la situation

I wasn't informed of the situation

  •  The pluperfect

L'année précédente je l'avais rencontrée ailleurs

The year before I had met her somewhere else

2.2 Other uses

  •  Used on its own

Le repas fini, ils ont fait la vaisselle

When the meal was over, they did the washing-up

  •  Used as a noun

L'accident a fait deux blessés

Two people were injured in the accident

  •  Used as an adjective

C'était une journée de perdue

The day was wasted

How French Works was written and coded by Chris Dawson.