How French works

Negative constructions

1 General

Verbs can be made negative by using ne plus a negative adverb such as pas. The most common negative constructions are:

Table 56.1a: Common negative constructions
Group AGroup B 
ne ... pas ne ... personne
not no-one
ne ... jamaisne ... ni ... ni
never neither … nor
ne ... rienne ... aucun
nothing none
ne ... plusne ... nulle part
no longer nowhere
ne ... guèrene ... que
scarcely only

2 Word order

2.1 Affirmative sentences

In a simple tense like the present, and with the imperative , the position of the negative adverb is the same for all the above constructions - the ne comes directly before the verb and the adverb comes directly after it:

Je n'ai pas d'argent

I have no money

Ne gaspille pas d'argent

Don't waste your money

In a compound tense like the perfect, the position of the negative adverb is as follows. For Group A above the ne comes directly before the auxiliary and the adverb comes directly after it:

Je n'ai rien vu

I've seen nothing

For Group B above the ne comes directly before the auxiliary and the negative adverb comes directly after the past participle :

Je n'ai vu personne

I've seen no one

2.2 Questions

The word order for questions formed by inversion is similar, except that the subject stays with its verb :

N'as-tu pas d'argent? Pierre n'a-t-il pas d'argent?

Don't you have any money? Doesn't Pierre have any money?

N'as-tu rien vu? Pierre n'a-t-il rien vu?

Didn't you see anything? Didn't Pierre see anything?

N'as-tu vu personne? Pierre n'a-t-il vu personne?

Didn't you seen anybody? Didn't Pierre see anybody?

2.3 Infinitives

With an infinitive the negative adverb comes before the infinitive for Group A constructions:

Il prétend ne rien voir

He claims he can't see anything

J'espère ne jamais le rencontrer

I hope I never meet him

And after the infinitive for Group B constructions:

J'espère ne voir personne

I hope I won't see anyone

Il vaut mieux ne dire aucun mensonge

It is best to not to tell lies

2.4 Object pronouns

An object pronoun like le, la and lui comes immediately after the ne:

Je ne le connais pas. Ne le connais-tu pas?

I don't know him. Don't you know him?

Je ne l'ai pas vu. Ne l'as-tu pas vu?

I didn't see him. Didn't you see him?

3 Negative adverbs as subject of sentence

It is easy to forget to use the ne when the negative adverb begins the sentence / clause :

Personne ne me l'a dit

No one told me

Aucun des candidats n'a été accepté

None of the candidates was accepted

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How French Works was written and coded by Chris Dawson.